منابع مشابه
Modelling the Vertical Wind Speed and Turbulence Intensity Profiles at Prospective Offshore Wind Farm Sites
Monin-Obukhov theory predicts the well-known log-linear form of the vertical wind speed profile. A turbulence intensity profile can be estimated from this by assuming that the standard deviation of the wind speed is proportional to the friction velocity. Two parameters, namely the aerodynamic surface roughness length and the MoninObukhov length, are than needed to predict the vertical wind spee...
متن کاملThe "vertical response time": barriers to ambulance response in an urban area.
BACKGROUND Ambulance response time is typically reported as the time interval from call dispatch to arrival on-scene. However, the often unmeasured "vertical response time" from arrival on-scene to arrival at the patient's side may be substantial, particularly in urban areas with high-rise buildings or other barriers to access. OBJECTIVES To measure the time interval from arrival on-scene to ...
متن کاملOptimizing Wind Power Generation while Minimizing Wildlife Impacts in an Urban Area
The location of a wind turbine is critical to its power output, which is strongly affected by the local wind field. Turbine operators typically seek locations with the best wind at the lowest level above ground since turbine height affects installation costs. In many urban applications, such as small-scale turbines owned by local communities or organizations, turbine placement is challenging be...
متن کاملMitigating the negative impacts of tall wind turbines on bats: Vertical activity profiles and relationships to wind speed
Wind turbines represent a source of hazard for bats, especially through collision with rotor blades. With increasing technical development, tall turbines (rotor-swept zone 50-150 m above ground level) are becoming widespread, yet we lack quantitative information about species active at these heights, which impedes proposing targeted mitigation recommendations for bat-friendly turbine operation....
متن کاملAnnual particle flux observations over a heterogeneous urban area
Long-term eddy covariance particle number flux measurements for the diameter range 6 nm to 5μm were performed at the SMEAR III station over an urban area in Helsinki, Finland. The heterogeneity of the urban measurement location allowed us to study the effect of different land-use classes in different wind directions on the measured fluxes. The particle number fluxes were highest in the directio...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Meteorologische Zeitschrift
سال: 2004
ISSN: 0941-2948
DOI: 10.1127/0941-2948/2004/0013-0353